This landscape paper details gaps in traditional systems that both make it difficult for millions of consumers to access financial services and for financial institutions to detect and protect against bad actors. The paper also summarizes emerging data and technological developments, concluding that more stakeholder engagement is critical as financial institutions make substantial investments to fight fraud and scams.

This report delves into the evolving landscape of small business lending following the pandemic, identifying significant trends that are shaping the lending ecosystem. As the economy improves, lenders will face critical decisions about how to meet the capital needs of more small businesses, including record numbers of minority- and women-owned startups since 2020.

This report surveys the options that are available to consumers who are struggling with unsecured debt, including available research on the options’ scope and outcomes. It provides an overview of market and policy challenges as stakeholders ponder strategies to help consumers recover more quickly from personal and broader economic crises such as COVID-19.

This report surveys market practice with respect to the use of machine learning underwriting models and provides an overview of the current questions, debates, and regulatory frameworks that are shaping adoption and use.

This report provides a detailed snapshot of the use of cash-flow data in U.S. consumer lending and the development of the system for transferring data between firms, in addition to analyzing policy and regulatory issues raised by cash-flow underwriting in both consumer and small business credit markets.